ࡱ> q`bjbjqPqP1::AC40@AB25==K9 C=825@A8B5B $8;>;>38G5A:89 D0:C;LB5B 0AAB@5=> 8 @5:>20=> =0 70A540=88 :0D54@K ________________________ ?@>B>:>; >B ________!___ 0254CNI89 :0D54@>9 ________________________  #" . 5:0= D8;>;>38G5A:>3> D0:C;LB5B0 ?@>D5AA>@ !.. >340=>2 ____________________200 3. (?>4?8AL)    #' !&+ -B=>;8=328AB8:0 (=B@>?>;>38G5A:0O ;8=328AB8:0) @>3@0<AB02;5=0 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 3>AC40@AB25==K1@07>20B5;L=K ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> >1@07>20=8O ?> =0?@02;5=8N 021700  $8;>;>38O !0=:B-5B5@1C@3 2002 I.  &-"'!  1. &5;L :C@A0 A>AB>8B 2 B>1K 40BL A;CH0B5;O A?>A>10E A2O78 O7K:0 8 :C;LBC@K 2 8E 2708459AB288. /7K: @0AA 459AB2CNI0O G0ABL :C;LBC@K, :0: >48= 87 >A=>2=KE A?>A>1>2 55 D>@20=8O, 70:@5?;5=8O 8 ?5@540G8. 2. 040G0 :C@A0  >7=0:>2 A >A=>2=K;>65=8O<8 8 7040G0;8=328AB8:8, A 8AB>@859 MB>3> =0?@02;5=8O 2 O7K:>7=0=88, 0 A :>=:@5B=K;8=328AB8G5A:820=8O<8 2 @0B45;L=KE O7K:>2 8 :C;LBC@. 3. 5AB> :C@A0 2 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 ?>43>B>2:5 2K?CA:=8:0: :C@A =>A8B ?@>?5452B8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@. = @0AAG8B0= =0 H8@>:89 :@C3 ABC45=B>2-3C<0=8B0@852, 8 ?@8720= 40BL 8A=>2>?>;030NI55 ?@54AB02;5=85 > O7K:5 :0: >1 >A=>2=>A?@8OB8O ?>A;54CNI8:>;5=8O A@54AB25 D>@20=8O, 2K@065=8O 8 ?5@540G8 >A>1>9 :0@B8=>9 9AB25==>9 :064>9 MB=8G5A:>9 :C;LBC@5. 4. "@51>20=8O : C@>2=N >A2>5=8O A>45@60=8O :C@A0: A;CH0B5;8 4>;6=K 8BG5B;82>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > A2O78 O7K:0 8 MB=8G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K, O7K:0 8 @85=B8@>20BLAO 2 >A=>2=KE B5G5=8OE ;8=328AB8G5A:>9 1;5<0;8=328AB8:8, 2;045BL >A=>2>?>;030NI8<8 ?@85<0B45;L=KE AB>@>= O7K:>2>9 :0@B8=K 1;5;8=328AB8:8 2 8AB>@88 O7K:>7=0=8O 2. 0CG=>5, 4>=0CG=>5 8 O7K:>2>5 7=0=85. 3. 8=328AB8G5A:0O :0@B8=0 >B=>H5=85 O7K:0 8 MB=8G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K 2. @0B:>5 A>45@60=85 B51;5;8=328AB8:8 2 8AB>@88 O7K:>7=0=8O 2.1.1. /7K: 8 :C;LBC@0 708>B=>H5=85 O7K:0 8 :C;LBC@K. -B=8G5A:0O :C;LBC@0. /7K: :0: G0ABL :C;LBC@K. 2.1.2. -B=>;8=328AB8:0 2 8AB>@88 ;8=328AB8G5A:>9 @ <564C "C=825@A0;8AB0<8" 8 "@5;OB828AB0= 8 @8AB>B5;L. !@54=525:>2K5 @50;8ABK 8 8450;8ABK. @0<@- >O;L. 73;O4K . D>= C;L4B0, .. >B51=8, =5>3C;LB80=F52. 2.1.3. "5>@8O ;8=328AB8G5A:>9 >B=>A8B5;L=>AB8 73;O4K -4C0@0 !5?8@0 8 5=460@D0. !;54AB28O, 2KB5:0NI85 87 B5>@88 ";8=328AB8G5A:>9 >B=>A8B5;L=>AB8": 0) ;8=328AB8G5A:89 45B5@<8=873@0=8G5==>ABL 25:0 O7K:>B>@>= 3>2>@8B); 1) =52>76=>ABL ?>;=>3> 2708?>=8<0=8O <564C ?@54AB028B5;O76=>ABL ?5@52>40. @8B8:0 8459 ";8=328AB8G5A:>9 >B=>A8B5;L=>AB8". =B5@?@5B0F8O . #>@D>< 2 A525@>0?>AB02;5=85 53> A> "A@54=5-52@>?59A:8<8" O7K:0@=K5 8458 .#>@D0 :0: >B?@02=0O B>G:0 @0728B8O MB=>;8=328AB8:8. 2.2. 0CG=>5, 4>=0CG=>5 8 O7K:>2>5 7=0=85 2.2.1.1J5:B82=0O @50;L=>ABL 8 55 ;8=328AB8G5A:0O 8=B5@?@5B0F8O. . &25B>>1>7=0G5=8O 2 @07;8G=KE O7K:0E. 07>2K5 F25B>>1>7=0G5=8O. "5>@8O AB0480;L=>3> 2>7=8:=>25=8O 107>2KE F25B>>1>7=0G5=89 . 5@;8=0 8 . 5O. >=OB85 D>:CA=>3> F25B0. !>2@5BK, >A=>20==K5 =0 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=KE 40==KE. -:A?5@8 2KO2;5=8N 107>2KE F25B>2 8 2>A?@8OB8N 2. . !8AB54>2. 081>;55 ?@>ABK5 A8AB548=-420-B@8-3>), AG5B ?> G0ABO==K5 A8AB5<K AG5B0, A8AB5<K AG5B0 A @07=KA=>20=8O<8 (G5B25@8G=0O, ?OB5@8G=0O: 4204F0B5@8G=0O 8 B.4.). @0<5 G8A;>. 2.2.2. !>F80;L=0O @50;L=>ABL 8 55 ;8=328AB8G5A:0O 8=B5@?@5B0F8O. "5@4AB20, ?@8=OBK5 C @07=KE =0@>4>2. ;0AA8D8:0F8>==K5 8 >?8A0B5;L=K5 B5@4AB20. !?>A>1K >?8A0=8O A8AB54AB20. 2.2.3. @>AB@0=AB2> 8 2@5AB@0=AB25==>5 2>A?@8OB85 8 53> O7K:>2>5 2K@065=85. @>AB@0=AB25==K5 @K :0: >A=>20 01AB@0:B=>3> A>1K 2K@065=8O 2@54=0O B0:A>=>2>5, >18E>4=>5 8 =0CG=>5 7=0=85. >=OB85 > ?@>B>B8?5. ;0AA8D8:0F8>==K5 8 ?@>B>B8?8G5A:85 A?>A>1K CAB@>9AB20 =0@>4=>9 B0:A>=>48:8 2KO2;5=8O ?@>B>B8?>2 C =>A8B5;59 @07=KE O7K:>2. =0G5=85 A;>20 8 ?@>B>B8?. 2.3. 8=328AB8G5A:0O :0@B8=0  B0:>5 :0@B8=0 <8@0? 0@B8=0 =F5?B. 0;:0=A:0O :0@B8=0 AA>740=85 :0@B8=K 4>2. AB>@8G5A:0O ;8=328AB8:0 8 2>AA>740=85 :0@B8=K 52@>?59F52, ?@0-C@0;LF52, 4@52=8E 35@;8=328AB8:0. .. >B51=O. (:>;0 .. ">;AB>3>. 5>1E>48ABL :>3> 87CG5=8O =0@>4=>9 :C;LBC@K 2> 2A5E 55 ?@>O2;5=8OE: 25@10;L=>;>38O, ?0@5;>38O, D>;L:;>@=K5 B5:ABK), 0:F8>=0;L=>1@O4K), 20=8O). =B53@0;L=>ABL B@048F8>==>9 4CE>2=>9 :C;LBC@K. 2.3.3. /7K: 8 :C;LBC@=K5 45;8. /7K: :0: A?>A>1 70:@5?;5=8O, ?5@540G8 8 D>@20=8O AB5@5>B8?=KE ?@54AB02;5=89. /7K: 8 =>@2545=8O. !>?>AB02;5=85 @CAA:>3> 8 D@0=FC7A:>3> O7K:>2. 2.3.4. 5B0D>@8G5A:0O >A=>20 O7K:0. "5>@8O :>=F5?BC0;L=>9 @K 6. 0:>DD0 8 . 6>=A>=0. >3=8B82=0O @0 :0: >A=>2=>9 A?>A>1 >A3> G5@57 :>=:@5B=>5. 5B>=81;5AB8 107>2KE :>3=8B82=KE @. !?5F8D8G=>ABL :0B53>@80;L=>9 A8AB5=:@5B=>3> O7K:0. 708A2O7L @0728B8O 01AB@0:B=>3> <KH;5=8O 8 @8G=>ABL O7K:0. 2.4. !>>B=>H5=85 O7K:0 8 MB=8G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K 2.4.1. @>1;5AB8. 0) 52>76=>ABL >2;045=8O 8=>9 :C;LBC@>9 157 >2;045=8O O7K:><, A2O70==K9 :C;LBC@>9. 708A2O7L >1CG5=8O O7K:C 8 >1CG5=8O :C;LBC@5. 5B>48:0 >1CG5=8O 8=>AB@0==K< O7K:0=>ABL 8 483;>AA8O. >?5@55 ?>;L7>20=85 @07=K<8 O7K:0<8 8 45;O2545=8O 2 7028A8AB8 >B A8BC0F88. @>1;52@59 >AA88. A) >;CO7KG85. >;C:C;LBC@=>ABL. 2.4.2. 5B>645AB25==>ABL O7K:0 8 :C;LBC@K. 0) >76=>ABL A>E@0=5=8O ACI5AB25==>9 G0AB8 MB=8G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K ?@8 CB@0B5 O7K:0. 78AE>4OI85 2 O7K:5, =0G8=0NI51A;C6820BL 8=CN :C;LBC@C. #?>4>1;5=85 O7K:>2 (O7K: A 42C<O B5@<8=0 )5@15). 1) @>1;52 48A?5@A=KE 3@C??, MB=>A>2, 682CI8E 2 480A?>@5, >AB@>2=KE MB=8G5A:8E 3@C??. 2.4.3. /7K: 8 :C;LBC@0 2 A>2@5< 2 8 :C;LBC@. @>1;5<0 4>2 2 A>2@5< 1;5<0 2>3> ?>;CO7KG8O 8 A2O70==0O A =59 ?@>1;5@85=B8@>2. >?KB:8 A>E@0=5=8O O7K:0 8 :C;LBC@K 4=>AB59. 0;K5 =0@>4K >AA88. @>3@0<<0 6. $8H 872>3> A42830. 1) $>@20=85 3;>10;L=>9 :C;LBC@K 8 55 =0ABC?;5=85. 564C=0@>4=K9 O7K:. >;L ;0BK=8, :;0AA8G5A:>3> 0@01A:>3>, :8B09A:>3>, D@0=FC7A:>3> O7K:>2 :0: 4=KE. =3;89A:89 O7K: - 4=K9 O7K: 1C4CI53>? 2.4.4. /7K: 2=5 MB=8G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K. >?KB:8 ?@5>4>;5BL MB=8G5A:CN 70ABL O7K:0. A:CAAB25==K5 O7K:8 (2>;0?N:, MA?5@0=B>). 0CG=0O B5@;>38O, :0: ?>?KB:0 871560BL >1@07=>AB8 8 3>7=0G=>AB8 :>=:@5B=KE O7K:>2. >7=8:=>25=85 2B>@8G=KE @07;8G89 :0: 2 =0F8>=0;L=>9 =0CG=>9 B5@;>388, B0: 8 8A:CAAB25==KE O7K:0E. 2. @8?@>AK 4;O A0:>=B@>;O 'B> 87CG05B MB=>;8=328AB8:0? 0:85 7=0G5=8O 82> :C;LBC@0 2 @07=KE >1;0ABOE 7=0=8O. 'B> B0:>5 MB=8G5A:0O :C;LBC@0?  G5AB>8B =>287=0 B5>@8O ;8=328AB8G5A:>9 >B=>A8B5;L=>AB8 -. !5?8@0  . #>@D0? '51JOA=O5BAO B>B D0:B, GB> ;N48, 3>2>@OI85 =0 @07=KE O7K:0E, 45;OB A?5:B@ ?>-@07=>?@545;O5B . 5@;8= ?>=OB85 107>2>5 F25B>>1>7=0G5=85? 'B> B0:>5 D>:CA=K9 F25B? ^`6 Z *CJUh5>*CJ h5>*hCJmH sH  hCJ h5CJ h5hmH sH hhn hn 5;CJaJhn hn 5 h4[hn ?^`6 ` " $ & ( B $Ifgd&A $Ifgd&Agdn gdn $a$gdn $`a$gdn $ & F d<1$7$8$H$a$gdn B l rmmmmmmgdn qkd$$Ifl40$m04 laf4$&d IfP gd&A $Ifgd&A  Z \ ^ ` b d f h j l n p r t , $d<1$7$8$H$`a$gdn $a$gdn gdn  8:<4v df$`a$`d<1$7$8$H$`$d<1$7$8$H$^a$d<1$7$8$H$^$d<1$7$8$H$`a$X!!!!d"rd <1$7$8$H$` <1$7$8$H$^;<1$7$8$H$^`;<1$7$8$H$^`  <1$7$8$H$^ <1$7$8$H$^`  ;^ `;  ;^ `;O;<1$7$8$H$^O`;O;d<1$7$8$H$^O`; d"$&&F(H())++$,&.(.00 2 244D5 <1$7$8$H$`<1$7$8$H$^`<1$7$8$H$^` ;<1$7$8$H$`;<1$7$8$H$^`D5F55 7P8888:J;L;;==??"B$BrBtBBlC  & F ;`; ^`<1$7$8$H$^` <1$7$8$H$^ ;EtEZZ[\\t]^n^^__H`v`aaaaaapbbFc  & F;`;`  & F ;`;!8AB5<K AG8A;5=8O A :0:8A=>20=85:07K20NBAO A0<KAB@0=5==K B0:>5 AG5B=K5 A;>20 8 >A>1K5 A8AB5G52>@8BL =5 > B5@4AB20, 0 > A8AB5<0E B5@2 @>4AB20. 'B> B0:>5 ?@>B>B8? 8 :0: 53> 6=> 2K45;8BL M:A?5@8?  G5B;8G8O :;0AA8D8:0F8>==>3> 8 ?@>B>B8?8G5A:>3> A?>A>1>2 CAB@>9AB20 =0@>4=>9 B0:A>=><88. @82548B5 ?@83>, >18E>4=>3> 8 O7K:>2>3> 7=0=8O > :0:> ?@54;8=328AB8:0 ?>305B @5:>=AB@C8@>20BL :C;LBC@K 402=> 8AG57=C2H8E =0@>4>2. 0: O7K: 65B 2;8OBL =0 ?>2545=85 ;N459? !CI5AB2C5B ;8 MB=8G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O? 'B> B0:>5 :>=F5?BC0;L=0O @0 8 G5=0 >B;8G05BAO >B @K, :0: EC4>65AB25==>3> A@54AB20? @54?>;0305B ;8 42CO7KG85 >2;045=85 42C<O :C;LBC@06=> ;8 87CG0BL O7K: 157 87CG5=8O :C;LBC@K? 'B> B0:>5 ?>;CO7KG85? ;>10;870F8O :C;LBC@K 2 A>2@5<  MB> 8;8 1;03> 4;O G5;>25G5AB20? 3. @8<5@=0O B5:;04>2, @5D5@0B>2, :C@A>2KE @01>B @0<@- >O;L . @=> 8 . 0=A;>. 73;O4K 8;L35;L= C;L4B0 =0 A>>B=>H5=85 O7K:0 8 :C;LBC@K. /7K: A 42C<O B5@<8=0<8 .. )5@1K. K@065=85 2@5?8 8 0=3;89A:>@D0. CAA:85 F25B>>1>7=0G5=8O A 8AB>@8G5A:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O. CAA:0O B@048F8>==0O A8AB54AB20. CAA:0O A8AB54AB20 8 55 A>2@55 A>AB>O=85. CAA:85 AG5B=K5 A;>20 8 >A>1K5 A8AB520 8 >A>1K5 A8AB5F80B82=K5 M:A?5@8@8G5A:>5 >A<KA;5=85 @8G5A:>5 >AAB59 2 @CAA:>A>1K @8G5A:8E 2K@065=8O ?>=OB8O O7K:, @5GL 2 @CAA:>2@5>@D87<K. 0@B8=0  8=4>52@>?59F0 (4@52=53> 35@E>=> >>40<). !@02=5=85  8=4>52@>?59F0 8 4@52=53> C@0;LF0. 0;K5 O7K:8 >AA88 8 ?@>1;52>3> A42830. 5B0D>@K 2 8A:CAAB25==>). -B=8G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O 2 8=B5@?@5B0F88 . 84. "5>@8O A5<0=B8G5A:8E ?@82 . 5618F:>9. 4. @8?@>A>2 : M:70 2A5<C :C@AC @54;8=328AB8:8. !>>B=>H5=85 MB=8G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K 8 O7K:0 17>@ B5>@89 A>>B=>H5=8O :C;LBC@K 8 O7K:0 2 8AB>@88 ;8=328AB8:8. "5>@8O ;8=328AB8G5A:>9 >B=>A8B5;L=>AB8 -. !5?8@0  . #>@D0. &25B>>1>7=0G5=8O 2 @07;8G=KE O7K:0E. 07>2K5 F25B>>1>7=0G5=8O 8 D>:CA=K5 F25B0. "5>@8O AB0480;L=>3> 2>7=8:=>25=8O 107>2KE F25B>>1>7=0G5=89. !8AB5;>38O. !G5B=K5 A;>20 8 >A>1K5 A8AB5==K5 A8AB5<K AG5B0. !8AB5<K B5@2 @>4AB20, >A=>2=K5 B8?K. >=OB85 > ?@>B>B8?5, M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 4K 2K45;5=8O ?@>B>B8?>2. ;0AA8D8:0F8>==K9 8 ?@>B>B8?8G5A:89 A?>A>1K CAB@>9AB20 =0@>4=>9 B0:A>=>5, >18E>4=>5 8 O7K:>2>5 B8?K 7=0=8O 8 8E A>>B=>H5=85. !>>B=>H5=85 ?@>B>B8?0 8 ?>=OB8O. -B=>;8=328AB8:0 8 A@02=8B5;L=>-8AB>@8G5A:>5 O7K:>7=0=85. 5:>=AB@C:F8O ?@>B>:C;LBC@K 8 ?>8A:8 ?@0@>48=K. 5:A8G5A:89 A>AB02 O7K:0 :0: >B@065=85 :0@B8=K 40. /7K: 8 AB5@5>B8?K ?>2545=8O. /7K: 8 MB=8G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O. =0G5=85 A;>20 8 :>=F5?B. "5>@8O :>=F5?BC0;L=>9 @K 6. 0:>DD0. 5B0D>@0 8 =8AAB8. 07>2K5 :>3=8B82=K5 @K. 2CO7KG85 8 18-:C;LBC@=>ABL. /7K: 8 <=>;8=3287<, 18;8=3287AA8O 8 :C;LBC@0. 1CG5=85 8=>AB@0==>2545=85. >=OB85 8 ?>;CO7KG88 8 ?>;C-:C;LBC@=>AB8. ;>10;870F8O :C;LBC@K 2 A>2@5< 2K5 ?@>F5AAK. 564C=0@>4=K5 O7K:8 2 ?@>H;>OI54K 8 8E O7K:8 2 A>2@5< 4K >AA88. -B=8G5A:85 8 O7K:>2K5 ?@>1;52@59 >AA88. III. !  '! # !  "   "+ ! ?/?0820=85 B52! (G0A>2)C48B>@=K5 70=OB8O (G0A.)  B>< G8A;5!0AB>O-B5;L=0O @01>B05:F88!51;5;8=328AB8:8 2 8AB>@88 O7K:>7=0=8O2410662.0CG=>5, 4>=0CG=>5 8 O7K:>2>5 7=0=8528104103.8=328AB8G5A:0O :0@B8=0 >B=>H5=85 O7K:0 8 MB=8G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K20864":82362224 IV. $>@3>2>3> :>=B@>;O  B5G5=85 A5B>2OB ?8ALBK (@5D5@0BK) ?> >4=>9 87 2K1@0==KE B5B>@K5 70I8I0NBAO =0 A5:;04>2.  :>=F5 :C@A0 ?@>E>48B 70G5B 8;8 M:70<5=  =0 CAB@5=85 #0. V. #'-"'! !' # ! I. A=>2=0O ;8B5@0BC@0 5=25=8AB -. !;>20@L 8=4>52@>?59A:8E A>F80;L=KE B5@2. ., 1995. 5@4 .!. 2545=85 2 MB=>;8=328AB8:C. !?1, 2001. >;>20=8=A:0O .. $@0=FC7A:89 G:8 7@5=8O =>A8B5;O @CAA:>3> O7K:0. ., 1997. 0A528G .. C4487<. 0@B8=0 C; ., !:@81=5@ !. C;LBC@0 8 B51=O .. !;>2> 8 ;L G5;>25G5A:>3> D0:B>@0 2 O7K:5. /7K: 8 :0@B8=0 4 @54. .. !5@51@5==8:>20. ., 1988. !;02O=A:85 4@52=>AB8. -B=>;8=328AB8G5A:89 A;>20@L / >4 @54. ..">;AB>3>. ., 1995. ". 1.  ; 1999. ". 2.   (@>H:8). "5>@8O @K. >4 @54. ..@CBN=>2>9, ..C@8=A:>9. ., 1990. ">;AB0O !.. -B=>;8=328AB8:0 // =AB8BCB A;02O=>2545=8O. 50 ;5B. ., 1996. !. 235 248. ">;AB>9 .. /7K: 8 =0@>4=0O :C;LBC@0. >G5@:8 ?> A;02O=A:>9 ;>388 8 MB=>;8=328AB8:5. ., 1995. #>@D .. B=>H5=85 =>@2545=8O 8 2>5 2 ;8=328AB8:5, 1. 1960. &82LO= ".. 8=328AB8G5A:85 >A=>2K 10;:0=A:>9 :0@B8=K 5 =0@5G85. ., 1928. Berlin D, Kay P. Basic color terms, their universality and evolution. Berkeley, 1969. II. >?>;=8B5;L=0O ;8B5@0BC@0 @=> ., 0=A;> . @0<@- >O;O. ., 1991. 5618F:0O . /7K:. C;LBC@0. >7=0=85. ., 1997. C;L4B . D>=, /7K: 8 D8;>A>D8O :C;LBC@K. ., 1985. C@0 .. !8;8:0 682>B=KE 2 A;02O=A:>9 :C;LBC@=>9 B@048F88. ., 1997. 20=>2 .., 052@>?59A:89 O7K: 8 8=4>52@>?59FK. ". 1-2, "18;8A8, 1984. 010:>20 .. $@0=FC7A:0O MB=>;8=328AB8:0: ?@>1;5<0B8:0 8 48:0 // >?@>AK O7K:>7=0=8ON 1993. ! 6. 81@8: .. G5@:8 ?> >1I8< 8 ?@8:;04=K?@>A07=0=8O. ., 1992. >=F5?B 42865=8O 2 O7K:5 8 :C;LBC@5 / B2. @54 "..30?:8=0. ., 1996. >?K;5=:> .. A=>2K MB=>;8=328AB8:8. ;B;L:>  B8?>;>388 :C;LBC@. : /7K:8 :C;LBC@K 8 ?@>1;548AB8. ., 1987. C@8O . . .!.K3>BA:89, C;LBC@=K5 @07;8G8O 8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=0O 45OB5;L=>ABL. : -B0?K ?@>945==>3> ?CB8. ., 1982. 84 . C;LBC@0 8 872545=8O. ., 1988. 8@ 72CG0I89 8 ;G0I89. !5B8:0 72C:0 8 @5G8 2 B@048F8>==>9 :C;LBC@5 A;02O= / B2. @54. !..">;AB0O. .: =4@8:, 1999 >;8=A:0O .!. >;CO7KG85. : >7=8:=>25=85 8 DC=:F8>=8@>20=85 :>=B0:B=KE O7K:>2. ., 1987. >B51=O .. KA;L 8 O7K:. %0@L:>2, 1862. 0E8;8=0 .. >3=8B82=K9 0=0;87 ?@54<5B=KE 8<5=: A5G5B05ABL. ., 2000. !8;8G5A:89 O7K: B@048F8>==>9 :C;LBC@K / B2. @54. !..">;AB0O, ..!540:>20. ., 1993. !;02O=A:89 8 10;:0=A:89 D>;L:;>@. ., 1978 2000. [K?. 2 8].!;02O=A:>5 8 10;:0=A:>5 O7K:>7=0=85: /7K: 2 MB=>:C;LBC@=>5 8 10;:0=A:>5 O7K:>7=0=85: !B@C:BC@0 ;L:;>@=KE B5:AB>2. ., 1993 $@CAB>20O .., N<8= .. !5@870F8O. ., 1991. $@C;8=328AB8:0. ., 2001. %094C . #@0;LA:85 O7K:8 8 =0@>4K. ., 1985. .48= .. >2K5 8740=8O ?> A;02O=A:>9 MB=>;8=328AB8:5 // 820O AB0@8=0. 1999. ! 3. !. 58 59. /7K: 8 45;8@>20=85 A>F80;L=>3> 2708459AB28O. >4 @54. ..!5@35520, ..0@H8=0, ., 1987. Endangered languages. Eds: L.A. Grenoble, L.J. Whaley. Cambridge Univ. Press. 1998. 2B>@ ?@>3@0<;>38G5A:8E =0C:, 4>F5=B !?1#. Fcccfdd$ezeff&gjgg,hhi^ii j"jjjjkkl^ll  & F;`;`  & F;`;l,mnmmmPnnpoo.ppqqqq2rrs>szss$ttttuuuTvv  & F;`;vvvXwZw^wfwwwwwx*x8x$$If`a$gd $`a$gd`  & F;`; jvv8x:xbxdxxxxxx:yyDyFyyyyyyyyyzzzz z"z,z.z2z6z:zlznz$|&|(|v|z|||||J\`Bȿhh5h5mH sH  h5hmH sH hh5>*CJ h;CJhCJmH sH hAhCJmH sH h hCJhCJmH sH  hCJ58x:xx@xNx`xbxTDDDDDD$$If`a$gdkd$$Ifl4Rrx !-'`~`f `8\ `!04 laf4bxdxjxxxA1$1 $If`gd$$If`a$gdkd$$Ifl4QֈxE !-' ~ f 8 !04 laf4xxxxxx3kd$$Ifl4ֈxE !-'~f 8!04 laf4$$If`a$gdx.y4y:y>yDy$$If`a$gd $If`gdDyFyLyyyC3&3 $If`gd$$If`a$gdkd$$Ifl4ֈxE !-'~f 8!04 laf4yyyyyy3kd$$Ifl4ֈxE !-'~f 8!04 laf4$$If`a$gdyyyyyz$$If`a$gd $If`gdzzzzzC66&$$If`a$gd $If`gdkdt$$Ifl4ֈxE !-'~f 8!04 laf4z z&z,z.z0z3-`kdd$$Ifl4ֈxE !-'~f 8!04 laf4$$If`a$gd0z2zlznz$|&|x|z||0}}J~~f(Rȃ & F;d<1$7$8$H$`; d<1$7$8$H$$;d<1$7$8$H$`;a$;d<1$7$8$H$`;$a$ȃTZ\d҆dxpB*V & F;d<1$7$8$H$`;;`;$a$;d<1$7$8$H$`; & F;d<1$7$8$H$`;V đ|В*NPRT;`; d<1$7$8$H$ & F;d;>2>: 1&$d;>2>: 2$$$d;>2>: 3,$$d;>2>: 4,$$d2=>9 H@8DB 0170F0\i@\ 1KG=0O B01;8F0 :V 44 la .k@. 5B A?8A:0 vC@v A=>2=>9 B5:AB A >BABC?><"02=>9 B5:AB A >BABC?>< 2;<1$7$8$H$`;CJaJ<B@2=>9 B5:ABxTP@"T A=>2=>9 B5:AB 22=>9 B5:AB A >BABC?>< 3 d@BZ 0720=85&$d<1$7$8$H$`a$ 5\aJ</0`az{|}~!B[x -./0123456789:Z;e h ] Z 2 cab#$LMtu(IJwG9:W b5% t !z!!!!F"G"H"""""#]####$L$w$$%M%o%%% &<&i&&&&'''F''''(P(q((((&)r))) *<*{****+:+Y+w++++%,t,,,,,.-/-f-g-i-m-----------------.!.$.&.(.).,.Q.T.W.Y.\.].`.}........................////0R0001H1m11H222F3334g4h44444#5l55-6v666[778889e99::";O;; <a<b<c<d<<< 00000(00a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a 0a0a0a0a0a0a 0a 0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a@0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a0a 0a 0a 0a 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0 [ 0 [ 0 [ 0 [ 0 [ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[0[0[0[0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0 [ 0 [ 0 [ 0 [ 0 [ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[0[0[0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0 [ 0![ 0"[ 0#[ 0$[ 0%[ 0&[ 0'[ 0([ 0)[ 0*[ 0+[ 0,[ 0-[ 0.[ 0/[ 00[ 01[ 02[ 03[ 04[ 05[ 06[0[0[0[0[0[ 0[ 0[0[ 0[0[ 0[0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[0[0[0[0[0[0[0[0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0[ 0 [ 0 [ 0 [ 0 [ 0 [ 0[0[006 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 5003.17 ()